joints, foliation surfaces, bedding planes or faults. Slope stability in mining and civil engineering projects is always a problem of great concern. Because the rock mass behavior is significantly governed by the presence of joints or other discontinuities, several types of slope failure, such as plane failure, wedge failure, toppling failure, buckling failure and circular failure, are often observed. If sliding distance of rock block or rock mass that detached by sliding, toppling, or falling was negligible to descending distance through air, it is dened as and rock strengths are the factors controlling failure through the rock mass. This paper presents an alternative approach using closed-form equations, for cases where the upper ground surface dips in the same direction as the slope face. If sliding distance of rock block or rock mass that detached by sliding, toppling, or falling was The aim of the investigation is to determine the influence of the main … The analysis and design of rock slopes susceptible to wedge failure is of interest to both civil and mining engineering. The present work focuses on the study of the wedge failure, which occurs as sliding of a mass of rock on two intersecting planes, generally discontinuity planes. One of the structurally controlled modes of failure in jointed rock slopes is wedge failure. the study of the wedge failure, which occurs as sliding of a mass of rock on two intersecting planes, generally discontinuity planes. The wedge failure analysis is based on satisfying the equilibrium conditions of the wedge. 110 0 obj<>stream 0000005774 00000 n A planar wedge can be defined by: • a sliding plane • the slope face • the upper ground surface • an optional tension crack as shown in the following figure. Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes with Plane and Wedge Failure by Means of a Pocket Calculator The site is located in a highly active seismic zone. 45-03 Building 406 Of 402. An extract from Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes for Plane & Wedge Failure with the Aid of a programmable Pocket Calculator, K. Kovari and P. Fritz, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Highways and Underground Structures, Department of Rock Mechanics, 10 pgs. " 93 0 obj <> endobj x�b```f``z�����U� �� @16�T' g�Cβb,ڜ�*q���?ӥ�L���6�����h�y�.p�v-6���IP�Q�vf��D�9���T�y- �e9E��|�Y��J� b�[y����1�i�\��=�.#�69e"Pd��� �ƀe ���x� Random sets arise as a powerful tool to deal with uncertainty, even when limited information of inputs is available. 0000024197 00000 n With this framework, this work presents a reliability assessment of wedge stability in rock slopes by random sets, considering the joints geometry and strength parameters as random uncertain variables. Stability-charts-for-rock-slopes-based-on-the-Hoek-Brown-failure-criterion 2nd Quarter 2005 C over Story Figure 3. These interact to control the size and the direction of movement of the slope failure. DUNCAN C. WYLLIE A wedge failure in a rock slope 21 m (70 ft) high was stabilized by unloading the top third of the failure, constructing a concrete wall to reinforce the … Note: The application Rock Slope can evaluate a broken rock wall by a shear failure (rock slides) using a planar and/or a polygonal shear plane and a rock wedge. (20 marks) (d) Using the planar failure mode equation, calculate the required anchor bars to stabilize the entire rock slope to factor of safety 2. 0000002658 00000 n of Civil and Agricultural Engineering, National Univ. Thus, the stability assessment method has to be capable of coping with this uncertainty. In many cases, rock mass slope stability is controlled by discontinuities, which determine the most likely mechanism of failure, depending on joints and slope geometry. wedge size distributions. E-mail: Professor, Dept. ROCK SLOPES MODELING Location of the stations along the Werka descent is traced by the GPS. The wedge failure had developed in a rock cut 21 m ( 7 O ft) high that had a face angle of 7 5 °. The limiting equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against wedge failure have been previously proposed by several investigators. open pit mining, road cuts, etc.) Slope failures depend on the soil type, soil stratification, groundwater, seepage, and the slope geometry. Among these mechanisms, the wedge failure is one of the most common ways of failure in rock slopes. The stability assessment according to block theory on the contrary follows a deterministic procedure. The wedge failure phe-nomena in a rock slope. Figure 1-1: A wedge model in ROCPLANE. The lower surface could have high slope while the upper outcrop surface can be a horizontal surface or a surface with low slope angle. of Civil and Agricultural Engineering, National Univ. KEYWORDS 4.2.2 The plane wedge failure occurs under gravity alone when a rock-mass rests on an lnclined geologiml discontlnuity, such as bedding/weakness plane that daylights into the free slope face that is 1-I-ff > WP [see Fig. IS 14448 (1997): Code of practice for reinforcement of rock slopes with plane wedge failure Dilatancy in a rock mass is unconstrained near slopes as normal stress on joints is small due to weight of the wedge. ¶The stability of slopes during and after excavation is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. The results indicated the potential for both planar … [22] Smith JV. Failure of a rock slope on one or two plane surfaces is the simplest but at the same time the most important type of sliding failure and forms the basis for the stability analysis of rock slopes. The main assumptions in a planar wedge analysis such as ROCPLANE… 0 Therefore, the failure of a rock mass occurs partially along joints and partially in non-jointed portions, such as in solid rocks, but in massive rocks, it occurs entirely in solid rocks. Multiple failure surfaces usually occur and change continuously as flow proceeds. It is more similar to translational failure but the difference is that translational failure only occurs in case of infinite slopes but wedge failure can occur in both infinite and finite slopes. While performing kinematic analysis for wedge failure of rock slope in Dips 6.0 software (RocScience), it indicates region of secondary wedge failure envelop (marked by yellow by default). Two arrangements are considered: Plane failure 4. Rock slope stability analyses are routinely performed and directed towards assessing the safe and functional design of excavated slopes (e.g. The aim of the investigation is to determine the influence of the main … 0000000016 00000 n Recently, the factor of safety of rock slopes against the wedge failure … The limiting equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against wedge failure have been previously proposed by several investigators. It is believed that the study can enhance the way for stability analysis and monitoring of the potential failure of jointed rock slopes.Keywords: Wedge failure; Joint persistence; Groundwater; Rock … 5.1 Introduction . Fourth Geo-China International Conference. 1. Slope failure can be improved by flattening the slope which will reduce the mass of soil and make it light. identify the relevant failure modes based on information of wedge geometry and forces acting on the wedge. For rock slopes usually two free surfaces (lower outcrop and upper outcrop) are present, figure 2. Recently, the factor of safety of rock slopes against the wedge failure has been studied in a number of investigations under static … startxref and/or the equilibrium conditions of natural slopes. 0000003821 00000 n Plane failure; Wedge failure. Ph.D. Student, Dept. 0000004993 00000 n The stability of the rock wedge is controlled by: joint sets dip and dip direction, slope geometry and direction, external forces (including water pressure and earthquake) and rock and joints mechanical properties. The studied mechanism consists of a discrete block that is separated from the rock mass by a tension crack filled with a wedge block or rock fragments. 0000001488 00000 n From a rock slope design perspective, the most important characteristic of a discontinuity is its (a) Wedge failure on two Planar failure in rock in which a intersecting discontinuities with discontinuity 'daylights" the a line of intersection which slope face Wedges are defined by two intersecting discontinuity planes, the slope surface and an optional tension crack. failure, buckling failure and circular failure, are often observed. CHAPTER 5.0: CIRCULAR FAILURE ANALYSIS . 1). ABSTRACT This paper presents the wedge failure analysis at different pier locations for a railway bridge proposed at about 350 m above the ground level, crossing a river and connecting two huge rock slopes in Himalayas, India. Overall stability is always checked for the possibility of deep-seated failure through the rock mass and the method of slices is usually the tool of choice. The rock type was a very competent, massive granite International Symposium on Stability of Rock Slopes in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering Ian de Bruyn _____ Page 560 Figure 2: 3-D illustration of wedge failure Other modes of failure common in hard rock slopes, such as planar and toppling failure, have not been analysed. In rock slopes plane, wedge, toppling and rock fall are common modes of failures (Tang et al., 2016, Lee and Wang, 2011, Yoon et al., 2002, Hoek and Bray, 1981, Hocking, 1976). The stability of the rock wedge is controlled by: joint sets dip and dip direction, slope geometry and direction, external forces (including water pressure and earthquake) and rock and joints mechanical properties. Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes for Plane and Wedge Failure A simple formula for plane slope failure is derived, which may be used for the design of anchors to ensure the safety of rock masses endangered by slides. It can be improved by providing a berm below the … SWedge is a quick, interactive and simple-to-use analysis tool for evaluating the geometry and stability of surface wedges in rock slopes. Failure of rock or soil slopes takes place due to natural or artificial means. Eng Geol 202: 55-61 In this code only one mode that is plane wedge failure ls described (see Fig. It is very important to identify the position of most critical circle in analysis of such failure. The paper i ntroduces a series of guidelines for interpretation of the results of rock slopes. Wedge Failure Wedge failure can occur in rock mass with two or more sets of discontinuities whose lines of intersection are approximately perpendicular to the strike of the slope and dip towards the plane of the slope. Among these mechanisms, the wedge failure is one of the most common ways of failure in rock slopes. Natural events include failure due to flash flood, excessive seepage, pore pressure, seismic event, presence of weak discontinuities across the rock slope, shear zones, toe cutting of slope by meandering river leading to unstable slope due to change in slope geometry. The results of the stereographic projection show that wedge, plane and toppling This type of failure occurs when there are fissures, joints, or weak soil layers in slope, or when a slope is made of two different materials. of Colombia, Carrera 30 No. C. Wedge failure factor of safety analysis. scales discontinuities exert greater influence on behaviour than do intact rock properties. sliding failure in rock slopes. and/or the ... failure modes (planar, wedge, toppling, etc. The design of such slopes can sometimes be based upon an analysis of simple wedge failure. 0000008177 00000 n Improvement of slope failure. This type of failure occurs when there are fissures, joints, or weak soil layers in slope, or when a slope is made of two different materials. Wedge failure The slope failure occurred along the plane of the soil mass is known as wedge failure. Markland JT. Wedge Failure Wedge failure, also known as block failure or plane failure, generates a failure plane that is inclined. xref The movement of the failure body may occur in any several modes: translational sliding, rotational sliding, toppling, falling or a combination of modes. Translational slip in rock slopes. We will introduce a few types of slope failure that are common in soils. Rock Slope Wedge Failure Typical wedge failure involving sliding on two persistent joints with line of intersection of joints daylighting at toe of rock face, and an upper plane that formed a tension crack. Planar failure … Slope stability in mining and civil engineering projects is always a problem of great concern. In many cases, rock mass slope stability is controlled by discontinuities, which determine the most likely mechanism of failure, depending on joints and slope geometry. Abstract: The failure mechanisms of hard rock slopes are usually dominated by the joint and fault system of the rock mass, the properties of which show an inherent spread. <]>> trailer %PDF-1.3 %���� 0000005198 00000 n (10 marks) (c) Calculate the factor of safety for wedge failure mode using the formula in Figure Q1(e) when the rock slope is in wet conditions (the student must demonstrate its calculation). Wedge Failure Wedge failure can occur in rock mass with two or more sets of discontinuities whose lines of intersection are approximately perpendicular to the strike of the slope and dip towards the plane of the slope. (1972) A useful technique for estimating the stability of rock slopes when the rigid wedge sliding type of failure is expected. Contrasting features of the different rock A tetrahedral wedge may be formed by two intersecting discontinu- In rock slopes the potential failure bodies are usually (but not necessarily) bounded by discontinuities i.e. 45-03 Building 406 Of 202. Basic Geometry of a Surface and a Rock Face 3D geometry of the evaluated rock slope (terrain) and excavation pit (rock face) is to be set up in a frame named “Geometry“. 0000038963 00000 n Major wedge failure in granite rock slope. open pit mining, road cuts, etc.) The wedge failure is quite similar to a translational failure. The toe of the cut was within 6 m (20 ft) of the railway, so even a minor slope failure could reach the track. Wedges are defined by two intersecting discontinuity planes, the slope surface and an optional tension crack. Translational Slide. ); can analyse factor of safety sensitivity to changes in slope g eometry and material properties; more 0000000656 00000 n A wedge failure in a rock slope 21 m (70 ft) high was stabilized by unloading the top third of the failure, constructing a concrete wall to reinforce the toe, and installing tensioned rock anchors. The key question with regard to rock slopes along highways is their long-term stability since failure of a rock slope can have serious consequences. Although, field observations may provide valuable clues the about However, due to the geological origin of rock masses, these inputs are uncertain. This mode of failure needs the dip angle of at least one joint intersection to be greater than the angle of friction of the joint surface. E-mail: © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers, Estimation of the Lower and Upper Probabilities of Failure Using Random Sets and Subset Simulation, Vulnerability, Uncertainty, and Risk: Quantification, Mitigation, and Management, Stochastic Response Surfaces, Interval Analysis, and the Reliability of Structures, Comparison of Slope Reliability Methods of Analysis, GeoFlorida 2010: Advances in Analysis, Modeling & Design, A Random Field Approach to Reliability Analysis With Random and Interval Variables, ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part B: Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480007.002, © 1996–2021, American Society of Civil Engineers. Rock slopes form part of the components in many highway or roadway constructions in hilly terrain. Summary A simple formula for plane slope failure is derived, which may be used for the design of … Flow slides can occur in dry and wet soils. 0000005876 00000 n Introduction. Toppling failure is one of the most common modes of failure of rock slopes in layered rock strata. Wedge Failure This kind of failure causes a rock mass to slide along two intersecting discontinuities. These failure modes pro-vide a basis for the formulation of limit state functions so the prob-lem of stability of individual wedges in rock slopes is considered. The required criteria for wedge failure … Plane mode of failure generally occurs in slope formed by stratified sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rock formations. In d l d k l f l ll d d a moderately jointed rock mass, slope failure is generally dictated directly by the presence of discontinuities, which act as planes of weakness within the rock mass. slopes with plane wedge failure [CED 48: Rock Mechanics] IS 14448: 1997 Indian Standard CODEOFPRACTICE FOR REINFORCEMENT OFROCKSLOPES WITH PLANEWEDGEFAILURE ICS 93.020 1997 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 October 1997 Price Group 5 Rock slope stability analyses are routinely performed and directed towards assessing the safe and functional design of excavated slopes (e.g. SWedge is a quick, interactive and simple-to-use analysis tool for evaluating the geometry and stability of surface wedges in rock slopes. The proposed techniques arguably result in an improved level of confidence in the design of rock slopes susceptible to wedge failure. For example, failures that involve wedges sliding along the line of intersection of two intersecting faults can be analysed using limit equilibrium models. 1(b)]. Among these mechanisms, the wedge failure is one of the most common ways of failure in rock slopes. The only difference between the translational failure and the wedge failure is that translational failure only occurs in case of infinite slopes but wedge failure can occur in both infinite and finite slopes. (2016) A method for assessing discontinuity poles for potential wedge sliding. The only difference between the translational failure and the wedge failure is that translational failure only occurs in case of infinite slopes but wedge failure can occur in both infinite and finite slopes. of wedge failure is evident. The stability analyses of tetrahedral wedges in rock slopes are commonly conducted using the versatile sequential vectorial operations or stereographic projection methods. Because the rock mass behavior is significantly governed by the presence of joints or other discontinuities, several types of slope failure, such as plane failure, wedge failure, toppling failure, buckling failure and circular failure, are often observed. slopes such as cut slope, other types of rock slope failure (wedge failure, planer failure, and toppling) may eventually lead to the rockfall event. The failure surface is ill-defined in flow slides. In many cases, spatially in vertical slopes or very steep slopes such as cut slope, other types of rock slope failure (wedge failure, planer failure, and toppling) may eventually lead to the rockfall event. ���.�9�rWȅ̦�@�s-��q��(E�P��� E�ä�g��A�10it`� 820�i~ V�(1�1ȰM. 0000005398 00000 n Slope stability analysis is a static or dynamic, analytical or empirical method to evaluate the stability of earth and rock-fill dams, embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and rock. This paper presents the results of the slope failure analyses from fracture distributions and their relation to tectonic activity; the analytical results have indicated that the phenomena of plane failure, wedge failure and toppling failure can occur at almost of the survey sites within the study area. Calculated factor of safety = 0.4. 0000001244 00000 n of Colombia, Carrera 30 No. The stability of jointed rock slopes under different persistence and various water pressure conditions has been studied. This type of failure occurs when there are fissures, joints, or weak soil layers in slope, or when a slope is made of two different materials. NOTE: Stability analyses of known failures can be used to help constrain parameter values such as friction angles, that can then be used in analyses of other slopes to help assess the potential of future rock slope failures. Block or Wedge Slide. In small slopes, failure mechanisms such as planar wedges, which are controlled by joints, are commonAs the scale . In all the above Block or wedge slides occur when a soil mass is shattered along joints, seams, fissures, and weak zones by forces emanating from adjacent soils. PDF | On Jun 20, 2008, Mohamed Fadlelmula and others published Reliability-Based Modeling of Wedge Failure in Rock Slopes | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Unlike translational, wedge failure can occur in both finite and infinite slopes. Types of slope/ground failure 2 Planar failure 3 Wedge failure 4 Toppling failure 5 Circular failure 6 3 Controls for ground failure 7 Catch bunds 8 Exclusion zones 9 4 Design of benches and faces 10 ... is weak rock, bedding, joints, structures, blast damage, vehicle vibrations, 0000001203 00000 n 0000005569 00000 n Failure of a rock slope on one or two plane surfaces is the simplest but at the same time the most important type of sliding failure and forms the basis for the stability analysis of rock slopes. Circular failure generally is observed in slope of soil, mine dump, weak rock and highly jointed rock mass. The stability of a particular rock slope is governed by three main engineering geologic factors, 93 18 0000001110 00000 n It is also known as block failure or plane failure. 4). Kinematic Analysis – Rock Slope Wedge Failure Similar to planar failures, seve ral conditions relating to the line of intersection must be met for wedge failure to be kinematically admissible : (i) The dip of the slope must exceed the dip of the line of intersection of the two wedge forming discontinuity planes. This type of failure is commonly seen in slopes of up to 20 or 30 m high in hard jointed rock masses. Failure of a slope along a weak zone of soil is called a translational slide (Figure 16.2a). 1. The required criteria for wedge failure … It happens that in some places rock slope failures were so heavy at one spot, and it took place on both sides of the road and blocked it (Fig. The wedge failure is quite similar to a translational failure. One of the structurally controlled modes of failure in jointed rock slopes is wedge failure. 0000001383 00000 n Overall stability is usually controlled by rock mass strength and structure, especially in large open pits. Section Name: Rock Mechanics (CED 48) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 14448 Title of Legally Binding Document: Code of practice for reinforcement of rock slopes with plane wedge failure Number of Amendments: 1 Equivalence: Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New--Jawaharlal Nehru While performing kinematic analysis for wedge failure of rock slope in Dips 6.0 software (RocScience), it indicates region of secondary wedge failure envelop (marked by yellow by default). Daylighting sheet joint with large perched block in grade III zone or granite rock slope 23 to contend with different geological features or instability problems. %%EOF The analysis technique chosen depends on both site The determination of representative values for the analysis is therefore crucial. Imp Coll Sci Technol Rock Mech Res Rep 19: 1-10. Translational slides in rock masses are dependent upon the spatial arrangement of the discontinuities within the mass and their relationship to the geometry of the slope. A thermally induced wedging–ratcheting mechanism for slope stability is investigated using a large-scale physical model and using a three-dimensional version of the numerical Distinct Element Method (3DEC). There are several tools of increasing complexity that can be used to facilitate a limit equilibrium analysis of rock slopes. increases more complex mechanisms such as step-path failuresand rotational shear failure , which Because the potential failure was located above a major railroad line, it was necessary to carry out this work with minimal interruption of traffic. Static and seismic slope stability analysis confirmed the global stability of the slope. Figure 2 shows the wedge failure phenomena in a rock slope. Types of Slope Failure. 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Groundwater, seepage, and the slope surface and an optional tension crack even when information... Code only one mode that is plane wedge failure the slope surface and optional!, etc. ntroduces a series of guidelines for interpretation of the structurally controlled of. Equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against wedge failure identify the position most! Block failure or plane failure deal with uncertainty, even when limited information of inputs is.! Mass is known as wedge failure phenomena in a rock slope stability analyses are routinely performed and directed towards the. By discontinuities i.e under various conditions against wedge failure active seismic zone confidence the!, mine dump, weak rock and highly jointed rock slopes quite similar to a failure! Is a quick, interactive and simple-to-use analysis tool wedge failure in rock slopes evaluating the geometry and forces acting the... 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