Technical Bulletin no. Hairy vetch is better adapted to more sandy soils and to more poorly drained soils than crimson clover, although crimson clover provides adequate dry matter production on most well-drained sandy loams. 10% - 30% vetch inclusion in a whole crop mixture with cereals and or peas. Management decisions such as the date and method of killing a cover crop influence the amount of cover crop growth and nutrient uptake, as well as the availability of the nutrients released to a following crop by decomposition. One exception is on coastal plain soils that are responsive to in-row subsoiling. Handbook series book 9. All of these plants have similar heights, so deleterious shading would be at a minimum compared to using taller rye and shorter crimson clover. When to Grow Crown Vetch?. Allowing the cover crop to grow until later in the spring will improve nutrient accumulation in the cover biomass, but it may reduce the ability of microbes to decompose residues for short-term use. Strip-plantings of cereal rye can also be used as windbreaks to protect vegetable crops and tobacco from wind erosion (Figure 4). A Florida based worldwide supplier of Lawn, Pasture and Turf Grass Seed at wholesale pricing direct to the public! seed will mature, but care must be taken to insure Smith, F.S., A.D. Falk, and W.R. Ocumpaugh. With the early harvest and the open fall this year, there is enough time for a cover crop to be seeded and to have adequate growth to provide some benefits. Hairy vetch can become weedy if left to produce seed. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Hairy vetch prefers well-drained soils with a pH of 6.0-7.0, and will do poorly in clay or wet fields. C: Cotton strip-till planted into a wheat cover crop on Augusta fine sandy loam. Consult the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual for the appropriate residual herbicide combinations. Managing winter-annual legumes as nitrogen sources for no-tillage corn on sandy Coastal Plain soils. AG-439-58. Either Gramoxone Super or Roundup can be used to control existing cover crop vegetation. Cultipacking after broadcasting will encourage good soil/ seed contact. Winter annual legumes can be grazed or cut for hay before the summer crop is planted. when future price increases or supply fluctuations make N fertilizers less attractive; if farmers want to take advantage of soil physical property benefits provided by cover crop residues. In other cases, producers plant it with winter annual grasses, especially small grains. Planting methods are the same as those described for legumes. The following general cultural practices are applicable to all legume cover crops: Planting dates. 1998. A well-established legume cover potentially can supply 50 to 150 or more pounds of N per acre, or approximately two thirds of the N required by a corn crop and most of what is needed for grain sorghum and some vegetable crops (Table 3 and Table 5). If planted in the spring, weed competition could be an issue and the vetch should be allowed to grow to at least memorial day to justify your investment. Hairy Vetch. With a small grain cover crop, killing it seven to fourteen days before corn is planted can reduce potential soil water depletion. Hairy vetch develops best under cool temperature conditions on fertile loam soils; it is also productive on sandy or clay soils. The Heart of Organic Growing Those who buy organic food often describe organic farming and gardening in the negative: as growing crops without using synthetic … Green Manures Read More » N.C. Figure 1B. If small grain must be planted before frost, consider choosing an alternative small grain. Drilling depth can be up to an inch lower, if planted early but if broadcasting is the method used than a shallow incorporation is suggested. Hairy vetch is ideal ahead of early-summer planted or transplanted crops, providing N and an organic mulch. Rye cover crop terminated by a roller-crimper prior to planting certified organic soybeans. Simply mow or cut plants in late spring or early summer before flowers mature. Soybeans are never harvested early enough for the seeding of legume cover crops. If planted to late when soils start to cool off than overall germination and results will be unfavorable. In addition to protecting land from erosion, hairy vetch can provide spring pasture for livestock. It has been reported to grow … When allowed to overwinter, the extra growth aids in smothering out weed competition and protecting the soil. Also, early-planted row crops and spring-planted vegetables tend to grow more slowly under mulched conditions because of lower soil temperatures. Harvesting can be made easier if the seed crop is sown with 10–15 kg oat seed/ha. When cereal rye is planted early in the fall alone and in mixtures, it can greatly reduce available soil nitrogen that can be subject to leaching during the wet winter months. When allowed to overwinter, the extra growth aids in smothering out weed competition and protecting the soil. Woollypod vetch is the earliest maturing/blooming commercially available vetch. Results of N response test for corn yields, Tyrrell County, 2007. Hairy Vetch is a viney, cool season legume best used in a crop rotation for erosion control or as a cover crop. An example of crimson clover and hairy vetch cover crops. In contrast, the presence of a cover crop, particularly rye, has had a beneficial effect on weed control by suppressing germination of many large-seeded broadleaf weeds. B: Subsequent hairy vetch establishment. Winter annual cover crops have been used in rotation with summer crops for many years in North Carolina, but now there are some interesting new applications of this practice. For both hairy vetch and Cahaba white vetch, the rates are 20 to 30 pounds per acre broadcast and 15 to 20 pounds drilled. Latin Name: Vicia villosa Common Names: Winter Vetch, Fodder Vetch, Sand Vetch Hairy Vetch Hardiness Zones: Perennial to zones 1-7, Annual cover crop Days to Maturity: 80-90 days (longer when left to germinate over winter) Hairy Vetch Seeding Rate: 1-2 lb per 1000 sq. Hairy Vetch is best grown with plants like cereal rye that enable the hairy vetch to climb up the cereal rye to allow air movement across the soil surface. The oat seed is readily graded out of sample and the oat plant provides a framework for the twining, usually prostrate, vetch. Planting about a quarter of your garden to cover crops each year can add fertility, reduce erosion, help break pest cycles, and much more. Hairy vetch is a winter-hardy cover crop that can grow in areas that undergo a hard freeze. Hairy vetch can contribute up to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre when it is well adapted. Publication date: May 6, 2014 commitment to diversity. Crimson clover, in particular, can be established quite easily with this method. Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) is a short term legume commonly used for cover crops in home gardens, weed suppression, erosion control, ground cover, green manure, pasture, silage and hay. Overseeding can avoid the reduced productivity that might result if planting is delayed until after harvest of certain crops (Table 3). Woollypod vetch is a cool season annual legume, comparable to many other vetches but with a few of its own unique characteristics. Legume and small grain cover crops under drought stress are more difficult to control. Using a small grain cover crop for silage or hay will greatly delay corn planting and thereby increase the risks of drought, heat stress, and pests associated with late planting. Crimson clover grows faster in the spring, thereby maturing and obtaining peak dry matter production approximately three to four weeks ahead of hairy vetch. Legumes can supply much of the N required for many summer crops, from row crops such as corn or grain sorghum to vegetables such as sweet corn, cabbage, squash, and pumpkins (Figure 2). For Austrian winter pea, the rates are 25 to 35 pounds per acre broadcast and 20 to 25 pounds drilled. ... Cover Crop Seed Mixtures. Indians. Surface residue cools the soil considerably during the spring, with late-summer differences between the cover and bare soil lessening as the corn crop begins to shade the soil. Figure 8. Hairy vetch is a winter annual legume and one of the most productive at nitrogen fixation. Broadcast the seed over the soil at the rate recommended on the seed package – usually 1 to 2 pounds of seed for every 1,000 square feet of garden space. Seeding rates and depths vary with legume species (Table 2). Raleigh, NC: Agricultural Experiment Station, North Carolina State College. A seeding rate of about 20 to 30 pounds of hairy vetch per acre is recommended. In many areas of North Carolina, nutrient management is becoming increasingly important as farmers do their part to protect surface waters from nutrient loading. If grown as a seed crop, hairy vetch is harvested when the lower pods are ripe to avoid shattering. It is possible to broadcast seed at 20-30 lbs/A and use a light disking or field cultivation to improve seed to soil contact. North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. This extra surface residue accumulation can benefit subsequent crops, but it should be evaluated to determine whether it inhibits crop growth or encourages pests or diseases. AU Merit hairy vetch can be seeded at a rate of 10-40 lbs/acre depending on the mix or purpose. A: Cover crop wheat planted to protect stale seed beds during the winter. This vetch has been observed to produce more biomass than many other vetches and fixation of N could even start within a week of emergence. Terminate before seed production to avoid hard seed The forage produced is palatable when green but palatability will greatly increase as it's dried down. Variation in soil temperature at 2" depth with selected cover crops. Cooperative Extension. Studies have shown some tolerance to glyphosate. Hairy vetch is a hardy type of vetch suited to wetter soil and colder winters than other winter-active legumes. Positive yield responses in corn have been documented when planted after Woollypod vetch and there is no known hazards of increasing insect pest issues. Higher seeding rates and sowing in nutrient deficient fields can aid Woollypod vetch in weed suppression. Sustainable Agriculture Network. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. Although crimson clover, hairy vetch, Austrian winter pea, and common vetch are widely adapted to soil and climatic conditions in North Carolina, they do have some limitations. Known as a prolific N producer, it has the potential to fix up to 250 lbs N/A if able to overwinter from a fall planting. This method will work in North Carolina where the following crop is midsummer vegetable crops (pumpkins), grain sorghum, or tropical silage corn (late spring establishment). Seed corn insects can be abundant in cover crops used as no-till mulch. Harvesting: 1. Crown vetch, a perennial, spreads by rhizomes under ground as well as by seed dispersal. commitment to diversity. No-Till Farm and Garden Cover Crop Mix Seeds - 1 Lbs - Blend of Gardening Cover Crop Seeds: Hairy Vetch, Daikon Radish, Forage Collards, Triticale, More Visit the Mountain Valley Seed Company Store 4.4 out of 5 stars 384 ratings One or more residual herbicides are usually applied at the same time as the knockdown herbicide. If not given structure to climb, Woollypod vetch with grow across the ground forming a very thick and tangled thatch. On coastal plain soils, supplemental N (25–35 pounds per acre) may be needed to obtain adequate top growth. Aerial overseeding into cotton at defoliation or into soybean prior to leaf drop has been successful in some cases (Figure 7). Another example would be the use of wheat, triticale, or barley with crimson clover. Active cover crop growth in the spring, before the summer crop is planted, offers continued erosion control compared to bare ground. Application Rate: 1 lb/1000 sq ft or 30-40 lb/acre Fields heavily infested with johnsongrass, bermudagrass, or nutsedge should not be planted to cover crops until adequate weed control has been achieved. Due to its low C:N ratio, the plant material readily breaks down after termination. Remember, though, that late seeding dates may sacrifice some soil erosion protection. FARM SEED SALES & PICK UP. Receive Email Notifications for New Publications. Common vetch, Vicia sativa, does not produce as much seed as hairy vetch, posing less of a risk of becoming weedy. It has very high feed values for animals as green plants and dry matter as well as grain. This alleopathic reaction has been attributed to the release of phytotoxic chemicals from decomposing residue. Seedlings are especially vulnerable to damage from sandblasting during cool, dry springs, when growth rates are slow. Generally, winter cover crops are planted in early fall and allowed to grow over the winter until early spring, when their growth is terminated by plowing or herbicide treatment. Harvest the seed as soon as the plants, pods and seeds are dry enough to thresh. Though not as cold tolerate as hairy vetch, it can survive in freezing conditions for several days. A newly developed alternative for certified organic farms that provides similar residue conservation without herbicides involves cover crop termination using a roller-crimper (Figure 1B). However, in a hairy vetch cover crop, increased populations of soybean cyst nematodes have been found. Seeds may be broadcast if the soil has been disked and partially smoothed. If Hessian fly is present in your area, wheat should be planted after the first fall frost. Wind erosion can be severe in cultivated organic and sandy soils of this region (Figure 3A). Descriptions of many potential cover crop species can be found in the US Department of Agriculture publication Managing Cover Crops Profitably. In Figure 2, maximum yield was attained with both 104 lb fertilizer N/acre and with 54 lb fertilizer N/acre plus vetch; thus, vetch appears to supply the equivalent of 50 lb N/acre. Two or more cover crop species can be combined in a single planting to realize the benefits of each. This species is really known for its climbing ability, even more so than common vetch. At a Wayne County site, the thin crimson clover cover stand on the left was planted late (November 19), whereas the plot on the right was planted as recommended on October 12. In contrast to legumes, grass cover crops can immobilize soil nitrogen as they decompose. A wide range of planting dates exists for most legumes (Table 1), although early plantings obtain the best results. In Figure 9, prices can fluctuate dramatically, but current total production cost estimates are $60–$75/acre/year for hairy vetch, $45–$60/acre/year for seeded crimson clover, <$30/acre/year for self-reseeding crimson clover, $40–$60/acre/year for winter pea, and $300–$400/ton for an inorganic fertilizer with 30% N as a UAN solution. This seed is then naturally dispersed and can germinate late in the summer when moisture becomes sufficient. The quantity of N available from legume cover crops will depend on growing conditions and location in North Carolina. For this reason, fertilizer N application rates should reflect both cover crop and summer crop potential constraints, with attention being given to timing and placement of fertilizer N to promote high yields (Table 6). Fertilizer costs vary due to market fluctuations but are generally in the range of $0.35 to $0.70/pound of N ($200 to $400/ton of 30 percent N solution). For this reason, in milder climates it is not as vigorous as other vetches but can still give high yields if allowed to fully mature in late May. Figure 2. For soil improvement: When sown in August, a considerable growth of rye and vetch can be plowed down the following... 2. Mow the hairy vetch before the plant flowers in spring. Raleigh, NC: N.C. Timely management is required to optimize cover crop and cash crop performance. Woollypod vetch can be more sensitive to cold weather fluctuations than some other vetches. A lower seed cost for crimson clover (approximately $1/pound) results in a total cost of $45 per acre. Proper field scouting is important in determining the need for postemergence weed control measures. Figure 10. Corn is highly sensitive to moisture stress at critical stages of development. Hairy vetch tends to be more winter hardy than the others and generally can be planted later. Seeding rate, depth, and method. Rye is the easiest small grain cover crop to control with Gramoxone. In a wet growing season, tilling legumes into the soil may produce slightly greater yields in the crop that follows. Early experiments date from the 1940s and show several important benefits of planting winter annual cover crops, chief among them erosion control, addition of nitrogen (N) to the soil for use by a subsequent crop, removal of N from the soil to prevent nutrient loading, buildup of soil organic matter, and buildup of residue that acts as a mulch for water conservation or retention. It can also be used in feed as hay, silage or grazing due to its high crude protein content. Erosion caused by wind and water are much greater on bare ground than on a surface protected by a cover crop. A: Aerial overseeding prior to soybean leaf drop in Pamlico County. For certified organic farms, non-manure N sources often cost several dollars per pound of N, and legume use is usually cost-effective. This slight yield advantage is more than offset, however, if the legume residue is left on the surface to increase infiltration of water and conserve soil moisture when dry growing conditions prevail. Growing Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Garden Seeds. Winter annual cover crops can be either legumes or cereals. If a legume cover crop contributes 100 pounds of N/ acre, the legumes would cost the equivalent of a typical inorganic N fertilizer (30% N as UAN solution) priced at $275 to $450/ton for crimson clover and hairy vetch, respectively (Figure 9). A&T State University, in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Cereals or small grains that are best for North Carolina are rye, wheat, barley, triticale, and oats. With an overall rate of 75 kg per acre / 187.5 kg per ha. by Eric Sideman, Ph.D. When grown for hay, vetch is generally cut when the first pods are set. For pasture: A field of fall-seeded rye and vetch can be pastured from early May through June, then plowed and sown... 3. If the legume cover crop is established early enough, adequate growth in the fall can help minimize soil erosion. The performance of no-till seed-planting equipment has improved considerably, but the system’s seedbed environment requires seeding rates to be 10 to 15 percent higher than those for conventional tillage. Drilling into a conventional seedbed is the most reliable way to obtain a uniform stand; however, a no-till grain drill also can be used successfully, provided that residue from the previous crop is not excessive and soil moisture is sufficient to allow the drill to penetrate to the desired planting depth. This means using a spray volume of 20 to 60 gallons per acre for Gramoxone and 10 to 30 gallons of water per acre for Roundup. A. Kranz. English photo. Legume cover crops are most likely to be adopted in the following scenarios: One way to reduce the establishment costs of cover crops is to manage them for reseeding. Thus, they can reduce crop growth unless sufficient inorganic N is applied (Figure 2). Residual weed-control methods for no-till crops planted into a cover crop are similar to those used for conventional planted crops, with the obvious exception of the use of cultivation for weed control. Management to achieve sufficient cover crop biomass entails planting in September or October and killing about April 1 in the east and in mid- to late April in the piedmont and mountains. In conservation tillage systems, the residue from the cover crop is not plowed under after the herbicide treatment and remains on the surface as mulch (Figure 1A). Thus, they may act as a net drain rather than as a contributor of N to the system. NC State University and NC Vetches have the ability to offer substantial improvements in soil fertility, structure and organic matter as well as offering a weed and disease break for cereals in a crop rotation. 1990. Generally, a grass species is combined with one or more legume species. Hairy Vetch does an excellent job in soil tilth in the top few inches in the soil, often creating the illusion of planting in a cloud due to the soil’s looseness. Equivalent N price of specific legume cover crop production scenarios. Figure 1A. As previously discussed, seeding depth varies from 1⁄2 to 11⁄2 inches, depending on soil texture. Ideal seeding depth: ½–1½". Cover crop residue usually does not promote a higher population of nematodes in no-till corn. of nitrogen per acre to a following spring crop. When planted alone as a winter cover crop in annual vegetable rotations, it can provide as much as 110 lbs. With hard seed potential, seed can germinate over the course of several years and this would be a concern in fields that will be planted to a commercial cereal grain crop. Best prices on grass seed guaranteed! Get ratings for species suitability based on goals, planting dates, geographic location C:N ratio, nitrogen fixation, grazing suitability, frost tolerance and more. The use of a starter fertilizer will ensure faster initial growth. This allows establishment of the cover crop after a late-fall-harvested crop such as soybeans. Cover crop growth can be terminated by tillage, rolling, or herbicides. Ideal Sowing Time When the summer crops are grain sorghum or warm season vegetable crops, planting dates can be more flexible. Vicia sativa, does not promote a higher population of nematodes in corn... Average first killing frost, usually prostrate, vetch sown in August, a considerable growth of grasses! 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