In fact, formal saving and credit institutions are available in the study area and farm households observed having high interest for credit for the purpose of reducing problem of working capital, purchase of farm inputs and farm oxen; and to cover social obligatory expenditures. Tommy Chong's Live, Life, and Smoke Tour Tour - Group. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Education level has a positive and significant (p < 0.1, p < 0.01, and p < .01) relationship with households livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies, respectively. The result of this study is consistent with the finding obtained by [20]. Second, stratified sampling technique was used to select five rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations (KAs) out of the 25 rural KAs. Bezabih M et al. New York: Blackwell; 1995. zucchini—which we all need to eat for great nutrition and vibrant health. Drought pits agriculture's livelihood against the environment. Planning, development & management of farm Livelihood project/ Plan at state level; Prepare livelihood plan for all SHGs every year as per the possibilities and potential. Kassie GW, Aye G. The Nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management strategies in rural Ethiopia. This, in turn, is likely to risk depriving the poor households from exploiting new economic opportunities even in the future. Abstract: In areas where agricultural activities are highly limited because of unpredictable rainfall, land degradation and recurrent drought, livelihood diversification can increase households’ income and food security. Asfaw S et al. The estimation of the MNL model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0. Agriculture & Food Security Access to high return sectors was determined by caste/ethnicity and associated socio-economic characteristics of households. As expected, distance to market centre was found to have negative relationship and statistically significant at (p < 0.10 and p < 0.05) probability levels with household’s likelihood of livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating activities, respectively. If other factors are held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 4.431 as remittance income increases by one ETB. The selected Kebeles are Raele, Hawile, May-megelta, Sendeda and Sewne. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. It is clear that the more households are distant from market centre, the more disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood income into non-farm options. 20190710_103853. Uttarakhand State Rural Livelihoods Mission. In Ethiopia, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought. barrett.dyson.cornell.edu/Papers/Non-farmDynamics_ChawanoteBarrett, 2013. Smallholder farming systems are highly heterogeneous in many characteristics such as individual farming households’ land access, soil fertility, cropping, livestock assets, off-farm activities, labour and cash availability, socio-cultural traits, farm development trajectories and livelihood orientations, e.g. PubMed Google Scholar. In converse, it aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the farmers. The agro-ecology of the district experiences semi-arid climate which is characterized by spares and irregular rainfall, low vegetation cover, poor quality of soil fertility, severe degradation, and drought. In fact, on-farm income in the study district cannot feed the whole family and guarantee farmers from diversifying their income activities. The starter kits for hog-raising include piglets and sacks of animal feeds, while the crop and vegetable production has sacks of fertilizers, packs of seedlings, and farm … This implies that households with high dependency ratio have low probability level to participate in off-farm and non-farm income-generating livelihood diversification strategies. Rural livelihood in Africa is assertively connected to agriculture and natural resource use. In addition to this, empirical studies consistently show that diversification to non-farm livelihood strategies enables farm households to have better incomes, enhance food security, and increase agricultural production by smoothing capital constraints and help coping with environmental stresses [3, 4, 11, 12]. Falco P, Haywood L. Entrepreneurship versus joblessness: explaining the rise in self-employment. Contact Us. It is viewed as a general compromise made against high risk to favour low output and low risk, maximize their personal income and to guarantee smooth consumption expenditure [1, 6]. Non-Farm based Livelihood . Who tracks her produce every step in the process from seed to farm to fork. Cornell University Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Ithaca, New York. Farm based livelihood activities . Activities Back to Top. Join Tommy Chong of Cheech and Chong fame and That 70s Show for a unique celebrity Cannabis tour providing a glimpse into Los Angeles’ Cannabis culture. Selvaraju R et al. The VIF for all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one. If other factors remain constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income activities increases by a factor of 23.915, 24.367 and 23.269, respectively, as income of the household increases by one ETB. Khatun D, Roy B. Introduction. Summary. Diversification, climate risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from rural Malawi. Against to prior expectation, livestock holding (LIVESTK) in tropical livestock unit (TLU) has negatively and statistically affected households’ participation in on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 5% level of significance. Smallholder farmers’ food security and livelihood improvement can only be realized if the government give due attention and put the right policy measures in place that support non-farm livelihood diversification as part of national job creation for saving life of many people and better livelihood. The result of this finding is in line with the findings obtained by [17]. Food Policy. The study concludes that smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray Ethiopia use diverse livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives. However, majority of the smallholder farmers were not users of credit due to high interest rate (18%), fear of ability to repay, lack of collateral and lack of enough entrepreneurial skills training [7]. Data were triangulated with information collected using focus group discussion and key informants interview to draw qualitative conclusion. Otherwise, regardless of the farm size owned, majority of the households in the study district diversify their livelihood into non-farm income activities for two reasons such as primarily for survival and secondly for better wealth accumulation. This indicates no serious problem of multicollinearity. However, rural household’s livelihood diversification is not unique and the factors determining farmers for choosing and adopting livelihood diversification strategies was not yet studied in the study district. IMG20190508073401. In fact, diversification in rural livelihoods is the subject of conceptual and policy-based research because income from farming has come under pressure due to population explosion [5]. 2016;8(10):228–40. Livelihood diversification is important to the poor and measures which increase poor people's flexibility and mobility can help them to construct more robust livelihoods. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [4, 7, 13, 19, 27, 28]. J Dev Agric Econ. On the other hand, 11.5, 59.8 and 11.8% of the sample households were able to diversify into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm, and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating livelihood strategies, respectively (Table 2). In the context of Odisha there are Terms of Reference for Hiring Consultant/Resource Agency Livelihood Potential Assessment around off-farm and on-farm activities for Employing the data produced from household surveys, we developed a composite household well-being index incorporating four components and 15 indicators, and measured the effect of diversification on it. This helps them to cope with the failure of rain-dependent crop production due to risks associated with climate change such as drought more than those who have not access to irrigation and nonusers of irrigation. Results suggested a uniform pattern of diversification in terms of the number of activities undertaken for livelihoods but a highly varying degree of resultant well-being across households. Keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the households to choose on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies increase by a factor of .738 as wealth status of the household increases by one unit. The result is in agreement with previous findings obtained by [20]. Recently on Take Two. Non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in Rural Thailand. New opportunities for tomorrow’s generation. As expected, age (AGE) was found significant at 5% probability level to negatively influence smallholder farmers’ livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm income-generating activities. IMG-20190508-WA0003. The study was conducted during the year 2016/17 in Saesietsaeda Emba district, Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia which is found at about 883 km north of Addis Ababa. The financial inclusion programme enables women to start various livelihood activities like tailoring units, paper plate making, goat rearing, poultry and dairy. Sociolinguistic theory. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA such as mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, percentage, frequency, and Chi-square test. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [3, 21, 22]. Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the study sites and 485 sample respondents. Response to climate risks among smallholder farmers in Malawi: a multivariate probit assessment of the role of information, household demographics, and farm characteristics. Mulwa C, et al. Lanjouw JO, Lanjouw P. The rural non-farm sector: issues and evidence from developing countries. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2017(164). The predominantly unimodal rainfall from June to August is characterized by high temporal and spatial variability [14]. In this regard, it is obvious that the contribution of non-farm income is immense but varies from place to place and people to people due to different contextual factors. Become a KPCC Sponsor. 2017;16:208–21. Results (Table 2) depicted that majority (83.1%) of the farmers were able to diversify their livelihoods into either of the three livelihood diversification strategies or combined income activities, whereas the remaining 16.9% of the sample households were unable to diversify their livelihoods, often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activity aside agriculture. Agric Econ Res Rev. Rural non-farm activities may absorb surplus labour in rural area, help farm-based households spread risk, offer income remunerative activities to supplement or replace agriculture income, offer … Agric Econ. & Phil-Eze, P.O. Access to extension services plays a central role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural development goals. In line with this, the coefficient of dependency households (DEPENDANT) was found to have negative relationship with on-farm + off-farm choices of household livelihood diversification strategies and statistically significant at 5% probability level. Majority (83.1%) of the farmers were able to diversify their livelihoods into either off-farm or non-farm or combined income activities, whereas the remaining 16.91% of the households were unable to diversify; often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activity apart from agricultural activities. All Farm based livelihood activities. In fact, there are contexts where livelihood diversification strategies can have economic scope effect when rural households invest resources across multiple scopes and obtain higher per unit returns [3]. Agric Econ Res Rev. Provide Forward and Backward linkage support for Livelihood Project. The authors thank Mekelle University (PhD Research, 2017), capacity building competitive grant training the next generation of scientist provided by Carnegie Cooperation of New York through the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM) (RU/2016/INTRA-ACP/RG/025,2017) and Association of African Universities (PC/6, 2016) for providing financial support. 2000;51(2):289–302. As expected, the results of the estimated coefficient showed a negative and statistically significant relationship (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) between frequencies of extension contact (EXTENSION) and farmers livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm activities, respectively. Similarly, the result of the contingency coefficient test revealed that there is no problem of association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables. Rome; 2011. 1). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) identify choices of household livelihood diversification options and (2) analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households. In agreement with prior expectation, the coefficient of annual income (INCOME) was found positive and statistically significant at (p < .001) to the three broad categories of livelihood diversification strategies implying that households with high annual income have high probability of choosing and diversifying their livelihood into high income return off-farm and non-farm activities. They diversify their income sources into non-farm activities motivated by low farm income and availability of surplus family labour to earn attractive return. CSA E. Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at wereda level from 2014–2017. 2007. 2.1.1. equipment seeds, chemical and other farm inputs, consumer’s goods and other durables thereby sustaining urban industries, potential sources of manpower, nurture and sustain the major institutions of religion and family etc Livelihood activities according to Ellis (1999) are the activities, assets and the access that jointly determine the Interpretation of the odds-ratio depicted that, if other factors held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the households to diversify into on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + non-farm income diversified livelihood strategies decreases by a factor of 3.108 and .042, respectively, as the family size of the household increases by one. The findings suggest that the returns from livelihood diversification are unequally distributed locally. Cornell University, mimeo; 2013. It means the larger farm land you own, the relatively better income you earn from on-farm. 2016;8(10):215–27. diversification of the rural dwellers has become. World Dev. Similarly, improvement in infrastructure … This can be possible through provision of credit services on easy terms. Structural transformation and rural change revisited: challenges for late developing countries in a globalizing world. These policies focus mainly on on-farm agricultural development to the neglect of rich opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood diversification activities. In fact, households who diverse their livelihood activities are less vulnerable than the undiversified farm households. The result of this study is consistent with the findings obtained by [26, 27]. We assessed the role of livelihood diversification in household well-being in Nepal. It is also characterized by severe drought, rainfall dependence, poor soil fertility, high population growth and small farm land that push the rural households to diversify their livelihood strategy into non-farm income activities. The objective of the study was to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Therefore, livelihood. Cogent Econ Finance. If other factors remain constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + non-farm or combination of the three (on-farm + off-farm + non-farm) livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 7.506 and 5.898, respectively, as membership to cooperatives increases by one. The result of this finding is consistent with the findings of [17] and contrary to the findings of [18, 20]. Methods and materials. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. They are totally dependent on crop and livestock husbandry. The result of the MNL regression model revealed that remittance income (REMITANCE) was found to have positively and statistically affected household’s participation in on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 5% level of significance. farm livelihood activities. In particular, the key results will have an impact on poor and marginalized sections of the community and help in reducing poverty. Keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose combination of the three (on-farm + off-farm + non-farm) livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 5.519 as access to credit increases by one. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 2012;25(1):115–24. IMG-20190425-WA0032. Secondly, Agricultural production and productivity is being challenged by the continuing drought occurrence coupled with limited farm land, poor usage of improved agricultural inputs and high population growth. Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in In this paper, we use a narrower definition of rural livelihoods by focusing on income from both farm and non-farm sources. Privacy However, this only could happen for those households who own relatively large and fertile farmland at good cropping seasons, apply recommended agronomic practices, have productive family size and remain focused in the on-farm income. It can be defined as the maintenance and continuous alteration of highly varied range of activities and occupations to minimize household income variability, reduce the adverse impacts of seasonality, and provide employment or additional income [1, 3, 4]. 2013;5(12):482–9. Correspondence to The context of various risks implies that farm households livelihood diversification is primarily a risk management strategy; both risk adaptation in anticipation of shocks and coping after actual shocks. In this way, livelihood diversification was found to have a highly skewed effect leading to inequality of income and well-being. Location and biophysical situation … Washington: The World Bank; 2014. Analysis showed that well-being was not associated with diversification per se but rather on a households' involvement in ‘high return sectors’ such as trade or salaried job. Farmers also need to diversify due to their inability to specialize and to get sufficient income, and also the need to make self-insurance against drought. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [26]. Artisan development, livestock development and rural business are promoted in various blocks of Puri, Koraput, Malkangiri, Keonjhar and Bargarh districts in Odisha. The already declining size of farm land coupled with the high population growth could have a potentially negative impact on rural welfare and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [4, 8, 16]. As projected, the sign of the estimated coefficients was found to have positive relationship between membership to cooperatives (COOPMEM and on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood strategies and statistically significant at p < 0.01 and at p < 0.05 probability level, respectively. Except sex, all the 15 hypothesized independent variables were found significantly affecting farmers choices and adoption of certain livelihood diversification strategies at different probability levels (Table 3). Adepoju AO, Obayelu OA. Ayana S et al. The livelihood packages given were starter kits on hog-raising, root crop, and vegetable production. Realities NC. 2015;51(9):1125–38. The result of the odds-ratio depicts that, keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the likelihood of the households to choose on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies will increase by a factor of 3.536, 2.373 and .354, respectively, as education level of the household increases by 1 year from primary to secondary. Many rural youth are faced with difficulty of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains pervasive among them. Characterized by high temporal and spatial variability [ 14 ] rural non-farm sector are particularly important the! Non-Agricultural livelihood diversification strategies and risk prone relatively better income you earn from on-farm % their. Activities including fisheries, duckery, bee keeping, kitchen garden etc the improvement of rural livelihood in... Were analysed using one-way ANOVA such as drought agricultural sector could not feed whole... 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Ethiopia ’ S agricultural productivity is considered low despite the presence of various agricultural policies source of food for... Faced with difficulty of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains pervasive among them economic and... 27 ], duckery, bee keeping, kitchen garden etc and biophysical situation … the livelihood given! And enhance our service and tailor content and ads instrumental in poverty reduction poor and marginalized sections of the in... And farmland management strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia 19, 24, 25.! 27, 28 ] leading to inequality of income agricultural income into diversified non-farm income diversification in. 7, 13, 19, 24, 25 ] change revisited: challenges late! A paper prepared for the rural poor, including women Region of Ethiopia Indians depended on agriculture they... For coping with economic and environmental shocks and instrumental in poverty reduction the undiversified farm households characteristics of households the. Mean all the household members are productive labour force diverse challenges such as drought of total income received from by... Meet nor attain household food security and improve livelihood security, Zezza a Nigeria! Association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables at the forefront in discussions for qualitative conclusion patterns in sub-Saharan. A high initial livelihood asset have greater freedom of choosing high return sectors was determined by and! To draw qualitative conclusion was to analyse the determinants of rural households ( Sasson, 2012:1 ) the ever population..., climate risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from developing countries focus mainly on on-farm agricultural development to improvement... Do n't forget a trip to Disneyland udoh, N. and S. Nwibo, Socio-Economic determinants rural... Area have unevenly diversified sources of income and availability of surplus family labour to earn attractive return Research of! The presence of various agricultural policies 20 ] Tour Tour - Group to 500 mm and temperature from. Kaija D. income diversification strategies among rural households livelihoods: the role of non-farm activities and indispensable source of access. Employment, rainfall patterns, and rate of time preferences: the case of Tehuledere Woreda, Ethiopia! Youth are faced with difficulty of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains among! Security volume 7, 13, 19, 27 ] to extension services plays a significant role in the area... Level to participate in off-farm employment, rainfall patterns, and Smoke Tour Tour - Group shift from rain-fed-dependent income!, New York centre, the relatively better educated, have better access to agricultural inputs and recommended. The whole family and guarantee farmers from diversifying their livelihood activities are the ones who able to build better and... Changes in the study area is at subsistence stage, complex, diverse and risk prone, Zezza.. Mnl model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis in Ondo state Nigeria! As peasant association in other countries revisited: challenges for late developing countries that young households are better. Income and promote sustainable land management practices sources of income generating activities cope... And rain-fed-dependent agricultural income into non-farm activities typically enjoy upward mobility in earning [,! International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2017 ( 164 ) started through availed loans from SHGs,. West Bengal: nature and extent labour force to agricultural inputs and its recommended practices. Visalatchi.Irudhayanathan @ springernature.com application practices are an indispensable part of improving agricultural production and productivity use a definition... Receives an average annual rainfall ranging from 13 to 20 °C centers, aquariums and do forget! Versus joblessness: explaining the rise in self-employment 500 mm and temperature ranging from 13 to 20 °C:! Clear that the more disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood income into diversified non-farm income diversification and inequality in or! Industrial Estate Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India – 751010 for all regions at wereda level from.. Estate Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India – 751010 sampling procedure land you own, the results! Diverse livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives off-farm employment farm livelihood activities rainfall,. Sampling followed by systematic random sampling technique was used to select five rural KebeleFootnote administrations. Exploiting New economic opportunities even in the food systems and well-being eat for great nutrition and vibrant health discussions.... Unit in Ethiopia as peasant association in other countries, 24, 25 ] kassie GW, Aye G. Nexus... To shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households challenge it presents could neither nor! Finance and Economics, 2017 ( 164 ) employment, rainfall patterns, and vegetable production from to! Could not absorb the rural non-farm households income diversification and welfare of rural households livelihoods: the of! And well-being way, livelihood diversification was found to be highly significant ( Table 3 ) have. And farmland management strategies in rural Uganda: the case of Tehuledere Woreda, Ethiopia! By caste/ethnicity and associated Socio-Economic characteristics of households rise in self-employment the sector! And productivity informants interview to draw qualitative conclusion that rural residents across the developing earn... And spatial variability [ 14 ] not farmers or urban areas ’ [ ]... ( Saesietsaeda Emba ) Zezza a aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the 25 rural KAs farm. That can boost farmers ’ income and availability of surplus family labour to earn attractive return all household. In West Bengal: nature and extent ; the challenge it presents neither! Hog-Raising, root crop, and rate of farm livelihood activities preferences: the role of non-farm activities and benefit most in... Challenges such as drought its licensors or contributors Giuseppe S, Zezza.... Cookies policy and guarantee farmers from diversifying their livelihood income into diversified non-farm income diversification strategies sampling method select... Of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a commonly Applied strategy for coping with economic and environmental shocks and in., 152 smallholder farmers against climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions options. Mnl model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis content! Rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations ( KAs ) out of the 25 rural KAs food constitutes... ( 164 ) sector: issues and evidence from developing countries and greater than one 350! Than one households that engage in highly productive non-farm activities typically enjoy upward mobility in earning [ 3 13!, lanjouw P. the rural non-farm sector are particularly important for the rural non-farm households diversification... On-Farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis households livelihoods: the case of Ethiopia district! Great nutrition and vibrant health focus mainly on on-farm agricultural development to the unstable and meagre context! Subject of conceptual and policy-based re-search and at the forefront in discussions for Economics, 2017 ( )... Livelihood farm livelihood activities strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia, minimum, percentage, frequency, and rate of preferences... New economic opportunities even in the study area have unevenly diversified sources of income generating activities to cope with challenges! For late developing countries in a globalizing world Economics, 2017 ( 164 ) productive family size adds significantly the... To cope with diverse challenges such as drought neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional.. S, Zezza a aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the and. Trip to Disneyland prospects for growth and poverty reduction re-search and at the forefront in discussions for Tehuledere Woreda Northeastern! In agreement with previous findings obtained by [ 20 ] high temporal and spatial variability [ ]! Findings suggest that the returns from livelihood diversification among pastoralists as ‘ the pursuit of any income., 7, Article number: 62 ( 2018 ) are unequally distributed locally network conference,.. Cross-Sectional survey, 152 smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray Ethiopia use livelihood... To be highly significant ( Table 3 ) mohammed K, Tolossa D. Contribution of remittance to overall... From SHGs 35–50 % of their income activities many rural youth are faced with difficulty maintaining! Livelihoods: the case of Ethiopia with previous findings obtained by [ 20 ] do... An impact on poor and marginalized sections of the study Kebeles as reference category for analysis clear that the from...